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Publication date (Print and electronic): 2002
Journal: Zootecnia Tropical
Publisher: Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agricolas INIA, Maracay, Venezuela.
Keywords: saxitoxin, PSP, neurotoxin, dinoflagellate, toxic, Saxitoxina, PSP, neurotoxina, dinoflagelados, tóxicos
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La saxitoxina y sus derivados son potentes neurotoxinas que originan afecciones asociadas a la intoxicación paralizante en humanos (PSP, siglas en inglés) que son producidas primariamente por dinoflagelados. Con la finalidad de evaluar y optimizar el uso de la cromatografía líquida de alta resolución con previa oxidación para la determinación de la saxitoxina y sus derivados se tomaron muestras de mejillones verdes (Perna viridis) y ostras (Crassostrea sp) en seis localidades de Venezuela y cuatro de Trinidad, de éste último a lo largo de la costa occidental, durante el mes de junio del 2000. Las muestras fueron extraídas siguiendo el procedimiento AOAC usado para el bioensayo de ratón. Cada extracto fue oxidado usando ácido peryódico y el producto de oxidación inyectado a la columna cromatográfica. El método utilizado para la cromatografía líquida de alta resolución con detector de fluorescencia correspondió a una modificación del sugerido por Lawrence et al. (1996). Se logró la separación de importantes pares de toxinas (STX/NEO, GTX1,4/GTX2,3), pero la resolución y la altura de los picos de los productos de oxidación de esas toxinas variaron dependiendo de la eficiencia de las columnas utilizadas. Algunas muestras presentaron contaminación por PSP, pero las concentraciones estuvieron por debajo de los límites permisibles, las cuales fueron confirmadas por el método de bioensayo del ratón. Los resultados demuestran que el método de reacción precolumna provee una información rápida acerca de la composición de las toxinas, independiente de la matriz del organismo receptor y es un método simplificado para el monitoreo de PSP en moluscos en el Caribe. Saxitoxin and its derivatives are potent neurotoxins associated with paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) in humans which are primarily produced by dinoflagellates. To evaluate and optimize the use of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with previous oxidation in order to determine saxitoxin and its derivatives, samples of the green mussel (Perna viridis) and oysters (Crassostrea sp) were collected at six locations in Venezuela and at four in Trinidad, the latter along the west coast line, in June 2000. The samples were extracted using the AOAC bioassay mouse procedure. Each extract was oxidized using periodic acid and the oxidation product was injected to the chromatographic column. The method used to HPLC in this work was a modification of Lawrence et al. (1996). The separation of important pairs of toxins (STX/NEO, GTX1,4/GTX2,3) were achieved, but the resolution and height of the peaks of oxidation products of these toxins varied depending on column efficiencies. Some samples had presence of PSP below permissible levels, which was confirmed by using bioassay mouse method. The results showed that the reaction precolumn method gives prompt information about profile of the toxins, which is independent of matrix of receptor organism, and it is a simple method for monitoring PSP in shellfish in the Caribbean. Abstract
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Most cited references20
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Microalgal metabolites
Yuzuru Shimizu (1993)
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Microalgal metabolites.
Yuzuru Shimizu (2003)
The extraordinary chemical diversity seen in the cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) is especially pronounced in the ubiquitous tropical marine species, Lyngbya majuscula. The gene clusters responsible for the production of some of the secondary metabolites have recently been elucidated. The dinoflagellates, which are lower eukaryotic algae, also demonstrate chemical diversity and produce unique polycyclic ethers of polyketide origin. A new mechanism for the formation of the truncated polyketide backbones has recently been proposed. The toxicogenicity of dinoflagellates of the genus Pfiesteria has been the focus of controversy--are they 'killer organisms', as alleged? A recent investigation of Pfiesteria genes seems to rule out the presence of polyketide synthase, which is the gene responsible for the production of most dinoflagellate toxins.
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Postcolumn Derivatization Liquid Chromatographic Method for Paralytic Shellfish Toxins
Yasukatsu Oshima (1995)
More than 20 analogues of saxitoxin occur naturally. An accurate analytical method applicable to all saxitoxins is required because of the recent findings that decarbamoyl toxins and C (N-sulfocarbamoyl- 11-hydroxysulfate) toxins are metabolites of marine animals or major products of some dinoflagellate species. Almost all the toxins could be determined by ion-interaction chromatography on a silica-based reversed-phase (C8) column with postcolumn periodate oxidation and fluorescence detection. Toxin groups of different net charges were separately determined by isocratic elution using different mobile phases. For determination of the saxitoxin group (net charge, 2+) and the gonyautoxin group (net charge, 1+), use of 1-heptanesulfonate as counterion, with or without acetonitrile in the mobile phase, resulted in resolution of decarbamoyl toxins from their carbamate analogues. C toxins having both M-sulfocarbamoyl and 11-hydroxysulfate moieties on the same molecule were completely resolved using the tetrabutylammonium ion. High sensitivity with detection limits ranging from 20 to 110 fmol were achieved as a result of reduced band broadening and optimized reaction conditions. For applications to biological matrixes, a cleanup procedure using a C18 solid-phase extraction cartridge was effective in preventing false peaks. When applied to low-toxicity shellfish, the liquid chromatographic method gave higher values than the standard mouse bioassay, because of underestimation by the bioassay.
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Author and article information
Journal
Journal ID (publisher-id): zt
Title: Zootecnia Tropical
Abbreviated Title: Zootecnia Trop.
Publisher: Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agricolas INIA, Maracay, Venezuela. (Maracay, Aragua, Venezuela )
ISSN (Print): 0798-7269
Publication date (Print and electronic): 2002
Volume: 20
Issue: 4
Pages: 501-513
Affiliations
[01] orgnameUniversidad de Oriente orgdiv1Departamento de Quimica, Escuela de Ciencias, Nucleo de Sucre, Correo-e: lrojas@ 123456sucre.udo.edo.ve
Article
Publisher ID: S0798-72692002000400007 Publisher ID: S0798-7269(02)02000407
SO-VID: 3fc4bf95-2cb4-48b2-9a20-e0c68867416d
History
Date received : 08 May 2002
Date accepted : 25 October 2002
Page count
Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 17, Pages: 13
Product
SciELO Venezuela
Keywords: tóxicos,dinoflagelados,neurotoxina,PSP,Saxitoxina,toxic,dinoflagellate,neurotoxin,saxitoxin
Data availability:
Keywords: tóxicos, dinoflagelados, neurotoxina, PSP, Saxitoxina, toxic, dinoflagellate, neurotoxin, saxitoxin
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